Abstract

Climate change represents one of the most significant challenges facing global agriculture in the 21st century. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on crop yield and resilience across different agricultural systems worldwide. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are fundamentally reshaping agricultural productivity. Our analysis reveals that while some crops may benefit from increased CO₂ levels and longer growing seasons in certain regions, the overall impact of climate change on global food security is predominantly negative. Temperature stress reduces yields of major staple crops by 6-10% per degree Celsius increase, while drought and flooding events cause substantial year-to-year yield variability. The review synthesizes current research on adaptation strategies, including the development of climate-resilient crop varieties, improved water management systems, and sustainable farming practices. The findings indicate that building agricultural resilience requires integrated approaches combining technological innovations, policy interventions, and community-based adaptation measures. Without substantial mitigation and adaptation efforts, climate change threatens to undermine food security for billions of people, particularly in vulnerable regions already experiencing food insecurity.